Mediation and Advocacy Literature Review Essay

In the human services field there is a combination of areas that require mediation and advocacy. Human services consist of and utilize a number of disciplines. Mediation is usually defined as a process in which an impartial third party helps parties resolve a dispute or plan a transaction by assisting their negotiations. Approaches, however, can vary considerably. Many mediators tend to use the same approach regardless of the situations of the parties. But others are flexible and do whatever will work. Each approach has potential advantages and disadvantages. Advocacy is helping or assisting those within a special population acquire the services they need. Advocacy is when someone supports you to speak up about a certain thing. It aims to make sure that an individual’s opinions and/or plight are heard and understood. Many disputes are presented when working as a mediator and an advocate in the human services field. Advocacy and Mediation necessitate a person to stay unbiased in order to assist individuals resolve their issues. The roles of advocates and mediators also come with restrictions which if not followed, could lead them to have severe legal problems. Mediators recognize that research is essential to the advancement of knowledge and that all investigations must be conducted with respect for the rights and dignity of participants and with concern for their welfare. Specifically, the conditions of the Human Subjects Experimentation, as designated by the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States Federal Government, shall be adhered to. (www.mediate.com) Being an advocate can present ethical, moral and legal issues, ethical issues are presented everywhere within advocacy. Those advocates have the ethical liability to act with honesty and sincerity. Advocates have the moral responsibility to help clients and social reasons. The most difficult task in their obligations is the legal and ethical limitations they face when taking on their cases. Some of the most rigorous limitations include laws regarding defamation or even hate crimes. These hate crimes are not only at hand in relation to racisms. An increase in hate crimes has been seen towards and in relation with same-sex marriages. These advocates are faced with the intricate task of protecting these people from hate crimes and must at the same time uphold their ethical and moral obligation to their clients regardless of their own personal beliefs (Barsky, 2007). The assimilation of advocacy and mediation plays a vital role within all human services agencies. These positions are highly recommended to unbiased knowledgeable individuals seeking to help improve society. Advocates support and preserve their stance on their meticulous beliefs and do so in an organized group fashion. A mediator in contrast assists people with decision making; they provide alternatives to their problems through coordinated counseling or support groups. Mediators strive to assist in a wide array of approaches and provide both parties with the best tools and documentation in order to realize a positive result, nevertheless mediators do not make the final decisions as they are only there to facilitate both parties to a arrive at an agreement (Barsky, 2007). Mediation and advocacy also allow clients to become familiar with the laws and limitations in relation to their issues in hopes to eliminate further escalations of the issue; whether it is a social or legal topic. Advocacy allows people the opportunity to defend their personal beliefs and voice what he or she believes to be right or wrong. The presence of these two entities allows the resolution of conflicts and conflic ting beliefs from escalating in to violence or further legal actions. Whether it may be defending the basic human rights or the difficult topics of parental rights or partial custodies; mediators provide an undeniable crucial Advocates understand the complex interface between the individuals and even the communities in which they live in. Being around the individual helps the advocate and mediator access and determine what type of people they are around and see how society interacts with their lives. The individual’s behavior would provide insight into what makes them comfortable; so there want be a need for barriers. Advocates and mediators recognize this type of closure and are specialized in learning how to gain the individuals trust. Advocates and mediators also distinguish how an individual lives with one another and can determine a lot about their lifestyle. Human services act as advocates as well when trying to determine any needs that have not been facilitated for clients. The needs could be great but it is up to human services to determine whether it’s assistance at home, medical and school issues for their children if they have any because unfortunately when adults are having problems, they do reflect on their children. Children are easiest to please but when their parents are having issues at home it can be emotionally offensive to the children if the parents aren’t careful, going to counseling and getting their children involved could help determine the cause and hopefully find a solution. In conclusion I have discovered that mediators and advocates provide a strong backbone for the different disciplines that encompass human services. Human services, advocates and mediators are all allowed to form a positive and engaging environment with the individuals that they relate with. Advocates work with clients in order to help them negotiate more effectively on their own behalves while also acting on behalf of one client. Human services are aware of their own cultural backgrounds, principles, and ethics, recognizing the prospective impact on their relationships with others. Human services advocate for the rights of all members of society, particularly those who are members of minorities and groups at which discriminatory practices have historically been directed (National Organization for Human Services, 2009). Connecting mediation and advocacy to human services involves all parties fully engaged in helping individuals surpass their disputes. Obtaining commitments and considering alternatives are good negotiation ethics that a professional must encounter to have a balanced reasonable connection with their clients (Barsky, Chapter 3 , page 78, 2000). References: Barsky. A.E. (2000). Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professional (2nd ed.). Retrieved From the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Mediation Council of Illinois. (1999, August). Standards of Practice for Mediators, Illinois Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www.mediate.com/articles National Association of Social Workers. (2011). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www.socialworkers.org

Discipline Versus Child Abuse

Discipline versus Child Abuse Tiara Loving February 2, 2011 Criminal Justice 100 Homework Assignment #1 Is there such a thing as too much discipline? How far can a person go with discipline before it turns into child abuse? How do a person know if they are performing child abuse? These are the three main questions that raise a debate when the subjects discipline and child abuse are put in one sentence. What some people might call discipline others may say is child abuse. Gaining the knowledge and education of what is right and what is wrong is the key to preventing discipline from becoming child abuse.As stated in the American Heritage College Dictionary, discipline is defined as â€Å"training expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior. † Child abuse is defined as â€Å"mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian, including neglect, beating, and sexual molestation† on dictionary. com. Unfortunately, a parent or guardian training a child to prod uce a specific character or pattern behavior may lead to mistreating or neglecting a child unintentionally. It is legal to spank a child but it is also illegal to beat them.Spanking a child may be considered as light licks on the legs or bottom. Beating a child may consist of bruising or drawing blood. But what works for one child might not be any good for the other. One child can learn a lesson from a spanking but if a parent spank’s the other child, it might not have an effect on him at all. That is when alternatives come in. Either way a parent decides to punish that child, that parent’s point will be made or that child will have learned a lesson. There is nothing wrong with disciplining a child for doing something he was not supposed to have done.Punishing a child will serve as a warning to let that child know that if he ever did something bad again, there will be a consequence. There are many ways to discipline a child without performing child abuse. For example, if a child is at school and acts inappropriate towards his peers or the teacher, he can be giving a spanking, a timeout or some of his privileges can be taken away from him. That child might think the parent is being mean or obnoxious, but that entire time that parent is really showing how much they love and care for that child. As a kid, I would get into trouble a lot.Of course there would be a consequence, and a few words that came along with it. I will never forget the words my mother said to me as I received my spanking: â€Å"I am only doing this because I love you and I want you to do what is right no matter what the situation is. If I do not whip you, you will continue to do the same thing, so I have to teach you a lesson. † As I got older, I realized that she really cared. I felt that I did not want to embarrass her or myself any longer and that is when I decided that I was going to do what was expected of me.Parents have the right to lead their kids by example but th ey must do it the right way. On the other hand, damaging a child’s self-esteem, self confidence and making him feel unloved or wanted is considered to be child abuse. Why would a parent want to see their child suffer, especially without any cause? If a parent does not want another person or child harming their child intentionally, then why would that parent commit abuse? There are many examples of child abuse but I decided to press the issue on one example. A woman just found out that she has gotten pregnant.The pregnancy was unplanned and the baby’s father does not want to be a part of that new life, but she decides to keep the child. When the baby arrives, the woman is frustrated because she realizes she cannot take care of herself and the baby mentally, physically, emotionally or financially. The woman now decides to take her anger and frustrations out on the child and that is where the abuse comes in because she does not know what else to do. Sometimes not discipli ning a child can be considered child abuse as well.Everyone knows that a parent has to let a child be child. But when a parent lets the child get away with things a little too much, it is time to let that child know that enough is enough. Since that child feels that he has not been stopped before, he has the right to continue to do what he pleases. The parent needs to tell the child that they are the adult and he is the child will definitely set the boundaries. The parent is going to ruin that child if they let him into the world thinking that he can do what he please.That is the first step to abusing that child and others are going to do the same if do not step in to guide him. The parent has to learn to say ‘NO’ every once in a while so the child can get used to hearing that word. The parent has to know that they cannot be their child’s best friend and the child has to abide by their rules. If a parent does not start at home by forcing the rules upon the child, then they are giving the world permission to keep the abuse up. Again, the three main questions come to mind. Is there such a thing as too much discipline?How far can you go with discipline before it turns into child abuse? How do you know if you are performing child abuse? A parent might feel that no one can tell them how to raise their child. So they may feel the need to punish the child however they want. The parent says it is discipline. The outside world might say it is child abuse if they see a child is being mistreated in a way that they feel that is not right. A parent might have their own personal reasons to why they punish their child the way they do.Maybe it is discipline—then again it may be child abuse. There are people out in the world that feel that they can care for a child better than that child’s parent. Sometimes those people are eager to take that child that they feel are being abused away from that parent. I would tell those parents to choose a mo re logical way of what they do to their child and how they do it. However a parent decides to punish their child is on them. The parent just need be careful of how they do it because they might not have their child any longer–or even worse, thrown in jail!

A Comparison Contrast of A Brave New World and 198

A Comparison Contrast of A Brave New World and 198 Essay 4Although many similarities exist between Aldous Huxleys A Brave New World and George Orwells 1984, the works books though they deal with similar topics, are more dissimilar than alike. A Brave New World is a novel about the struggle of Bernard Marx, who rejects the tenants of his society when he discovers that he is not truly happy. 1984 is the story of Winston who finds forbidden love within the hypocrisy of his society. In both cases, the main character is in quiet rebellion against his government which is eventually found to be in vain. Huxley wrote A Brave New World in the third person so that the reader could be allotted a more comprehensive view of the activities he presents. His characters are shallow and cartoon-like (Astrachan) in order to better reflect the society in which they are entrapped. In this society traditional notions of love and what ideally should come out of it have long been disregarded and are now despised, Mother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge has but a single outlet. (Huxley 41) The comparison to a wild jet is intended to demonstrate the inherent dangers in these activities. Many of the Brave New Worlds social norms are intended to save its citizens from anything unpleasant through depriving them of the opportunity to miss anything overly pleasant. The society values, ACOMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY, (Huxley 1) supersede all else in a collective effort. Soma, the magical ultimate drug is what keeps the population from revolting. What yo u need is a gramme of soma All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects. The drug is at the forefront of their daily lives providing freedom from lifes every ill. The word comes from the Sanskrit language of ancient India. It means both an intoxicating drink used in the old Vedic religious rituals there and the plant from whose juice the drink was made- a plant whose true identity we dont know. (Astrachan) The drug is used as a form of recreation, like sex, and its use is encouraged at any opportunity, especially when great emotions begin to arise. They are conditioned to accept this to calm and pacify them should they begin to feel anything too intensely. The conditioning also provides them with their place and prevents them from participating in social activities which they neednt take part in. (Smith) Class consciousness which Americans are so reluctant to acknowledge is taught through hypnopdia (the repetition of phrases during sleep akin to post hypnotic suggestion) for all social classes:These names are letters in the Greek alphabet, familiar to Huxleys original English readers because in English schools they are used as grades- like our As, Bs, etc.- with Alpha plus the best and Epsilon minus the worst. In Brave New World, each names a class or caste. Alphas and Betas remain individuals; only Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are bokanovskified. (Astrachan)The conditioning is begun at an extremely young age and is by modern real-world standards cruel, AThe screaming of the babies suddenly changed its tone. There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance. (Huxley 20) The childrens Pavlovian conditioning with electric shocks is later compared to the wax seals which used to grace the seams of letters (Astrachan), Not so much like drops of water, though water, it is true, can wear holes in the hardest granite; rather, drops of liquid sealing-wax, drops that adhere, incrust, incorporate themselves with what they fall on, till finally the rock is all one scarlet blob. The entire society is conditioned to shrink away from intense emotion, engage in casual sex, and take their pacifying Soma. READ: All American Tragedy EssayIn 1984, a first-person book partly narrated by the main characters internal dialogue, the great party leader is Big Brother, a fictional character who is somewhat more imposing than Ford, of Huxleys book, named after the industrialist Henry Ford (Astrachan). The main character Winston fears Big Brother and is much more aware of his situation than any of the characters in A Brave New World who are constantly pacified by soma. In A Brave New World

Cerebravascular Disorder of Stroke Research Paper

Cerebravascular Disorder of Stroke - Research Paper Example As the report stresses  Stroke is defined as per the World Health Organization to be a clinical syndrome consisting of â€Å"rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function, lasting for more than 24 hours leading to death with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin†. There are two primary forms of stroke which are ischemic and hemorrhagic.  In an ischemic stroke the blood vessel gets blocked generally by a blood clot that results in a region of the brain to be deprived in oxygen and cause it to stop functioning. Ischemic strokes have resulted for 80% of all the known cases of strokes. A hemorrhagic stroke takes place if a blood vessel which carries oxygen and other nutrients to the brain bursts causing blood to spill into the brain. A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a form of stroke attack which symptoms and signs get resolve within 24 hours.This discussion highlights that  Stroke attack leads to mainly limi tations in the functionalities of its victim. These can be in the form of motor skills, cognitive deformities, sensory skills as well as emotional issues. Motor skill can include the inability of the stroke victim to move from one place to another.  The memory and sensory levels of the victim are also impaired. These victims need continuous support and care from the people. The stroke victims face problems with their physical and cognitive and sensory skills.

Nike's business level strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nike's business level strategy - Research Paper Example The age group of this segment are between 15 to 35 years old and Nike develops its brand towards this segment by investing heavily in its advertising campaign. It does so by forging agreements with iconic athletes such as Manny Pacquiao, Kobe Bryant etch who also serves as its spokesperson lending to the success of its first experiement with Michael Jordan with its Nike Air. Nike also supports popular teams due to to their reach and influence to their target market. To avoid dilution of its brand, Nike instead used its subsidiary in reaching other segments. For example, instead of venturing into premium dress and casual wear that would dilute the Nike brand, it instead used the brand Cole Haan to tap into that segment market. The same case applies to snoboarding, skating and surfing which Nike has a brand has not established itself. Instead, it used its subsidiary Hurley International to tap into that market. Umbro specializes in soccer equiptments, apparel and footwear which is surprisingly a Nike subsidiear. This subsidiaries which Nike uses allow it to have an additional 13% revenue in 2009 by tapping into this market segment. In sum, Nike was able to capitalize its brand by investing heavily in advertising and forging partnership with athletes and teams who has a tremendous influence in the age group (15-35) of their segment market. Nike became the leading brand in sports apparel due to the interplay of various functional units in its organization. It is obvious that it popular brand which is responsible for its marketing appeal to its target market is due to heavy investment in advertising which is a function of its marketing department. There are also other functional units that help drove Nike to be a highly innovative and competitive sports apparel company. Its sophisticated IT infrastructure and supply chain are able to effectively reach and deliver product to its target markets

ELL Director Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ELL Director - Essay Example Under the law, each school and district should make sure that the student as a whole, and their subgroups such as ELLs, meet the needed academic regulations in reading, as well as math. To make adequate annually progress, each school and district should generally show that every subgroup has achieved the state proficiency aim in reading, as well as math (Capps, Fix, Murray, Ost, Passel & Herwantoro, 2005). Correctly assessing ELLs in English as obliged by the law is extremely tough. These students are expected to comprehend all content in English prior to reaching a certain degree of English proficiency. Accommodations offered during the assessment are normally of limited value and doubtful validity. On top of these reading and math tests, ELLs also are expected meet various English proficiency benchmarks; hence, troubling them in their learning (Roekel, 2007). In the next section of this paper, we will address the challenges facing this students and ways of curbing them. Challenges Relating to Assessing Language Domains before and During Content-Based Instruction English Language Learners come from extremely diverse backgrounds and normally encounter numerous difficulties in the classroom (Roekel, 2007). To cause further difficulties, educators lack useful, research-based facts, strategies and resources required to evaluate, teach and nurture these types of students, whether the ELLs were born in the United States or another place, or whether they are the earliest, middle, or latest generation to be enrolled in an American public school. In a lot of cases, ELLs are being given math and reading tests in English prior to gaining enough knowledge or understanding in English. The matter of communication seems large for educators of ELLs. A 2004 study of teachers in California found out that poor communication among teachers, learners, parents, as well as the community, was a massive problem. Other issues comprised of the lack of tools to educate ELL students and p roper assessments to identify learners’ needs, as well as measure student progress (Capps, Fix, Murray, Ost, Passel & Herwantoro, 2005). Educators also expressed disappointment over the broad variety of English language and academic levels along with the fact that they get little in-service training or professional development on how to educate/train ELLs. As the size of ELLs continues to grow, for instance, more teachers will be faced with the issue of successful second language literacy instruction (Short & Fitzsimmons, 2006). Meeting the educational requirements of ELLs is a difficult task. It is one that needs harmonization and teamwork all through the educational system. This means that everyone should support the learning needs of English Language Learners, beginning with schools of education, which should better prepare all educators to work supportively with ELLs (Roekel, 2007). Also, educators themselves argue that proper professional development and enhancement is a mongst their top requirements. Also, another common or universal problem relating to assessing language domains among ELL students is offering a significant access to the program (Roekel, 2007). This is because there has been a tendency of viewing ELLs with learning difficulties also because they are just low-performing English

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Philosophy - Assignment Example She responded with, â€Å"Being gay isn’t like trying on a pair of jeans, deciding you don’t like them, and then putting them back on the shelf. If you’re gay, you’re gay. There’s no changing that.† When I asked her if she was discriminated against for her sexual orientation, she answered with a simple yes, not going into further detail. Finally, I asked her if she would be accepting if her child started dating someone of the same sex. She said of course, and jokingly said she wouldn’t be accepting if they dated someone of the opposite sex. She went on to say that she would be supportive of whoever who child decided to date. Ashley seemed to be one of many gay people that did not seem even the slightest bit abashed to openly discuss her sexual orientation. She answered the questions with pride and dignity; she was very open in her responses and did not seem the least bit uncomfortable. She clearly feels strongly for the equality of gay people. Her response to my final question had been amusing. Even though it was said with humor, it showed a side that is seldom revealed about gay people: while heterosexual couples feel that homosexuality is odd and abnormal, the gay community often feels the same way about heterosexual couples. It was an interesting experience for me to see the two different sides of the story. Lauren is a 17 year old black female. When I asked her if gay people should be allowed to marry, she answered with, â€Å"What difference does it make if they are the same sex? Marriage is love, not gender.† I then asked if gay couples should be given full civil rights. She answered with a yes, explaining that America stands on equality and should extend the same rights to everyone, regardless of sexual orientation. I asked her if being gay was something that could be changed. Similar to Ashley, she said that she believed that people did not really have a choice, and that many people try to date the opposite sex

Land law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Land law problem question - Essay Example The three of you were pursuing an accountancy course at the time and hoped to establish the accountancy firm as soon as you completed the course and in the event employ other relatives. However, since Ben and Clare realized they could not raise enough money to complete their course after the purchase they acquired a mortgage of ?250,000 from Macau Bank against the property. You, Amy, signed a waiver form of the bank to enable the loan application to go through, though you may not have sought legal advice before doing so. Ben subsequently died in 2010 and Clare re-mortgaged the house for ?50,000 to Taiwan Bank in order to take additional training in order to cover for the loss of Ben’s expertise. This she did acting as the sole owner of the property without you being consulted. Now in 2011 Clare has decided that she is no longer interested in the accountancy firm and has fallen behind on mortgage repayments. You, Amy, on the other hand is still interested in pursuing the origin al objective of starting the family accountancy firm. Your Current Situation Your first challenge as Amy is to prove ownership of the property even though you were not registered as the owner having entrusted the registration to your older cousins Ben and Clare. ... to register a registrable disposition of a registered estate must provide to the registrar such information as the rules may provide about any unregistered interest affecting the estate which— (i) falls within any of the paragraphs of Schedule 3, and (ii) is of description specified by the rules (Land Registration Act, 2002, 6 (71) (a-b). What all this means is that in your case, you do have an interest in the property that was registered and that was supposed to be stated out-rightly at the time that your two cousins were getting registered in trust to own the property that your interests are included. Whether this was done or not should be confirmed by you. However, given the events that subsequently took place, it is quite clear that your interests were catered for during this registration. A look at the mentioned Schedule 1 and Schedule 3 shows that the interest of a person in actual occupation of the property is catered for (Land Registration Act, 2002, Schedule 1(2). Sin ce you have an interest in the house and the land on which it sits, and you actually occupy it, this provision covers persons such as yourself. Considering the evidence that your interests were included I glean as follows. First of all, you were asked to sign the waiver form when your two cousins were applying for the mortgage from Macau bank. Signing the waiver basically means that in case of failure to repay the mortgage, then the entire house, including your share of it, could be attached to recover the outstanding dues (Degeling & Edelman, 2008, 31). The second indicator was that when Clare sought a second mortgage from Taiwan Bank you should have been consulted save for the pain you were in. This means that your interest was taken into consideration even at this point. That being the case

Family Law issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Family Law issues - Essay Example It is important to get into matrimonial alliance with a life time strategy. Trial and error methods cannot work because there are certain issues that simply do not work on trial and error strategy. Selflessness and sacrifices do not go hand in hand with trial and error strategies. Rather they work exclusively in relationships where the partners are quite clear that marriage is a do-or-die affair, where one swim or sink together. In simple terms, you are either in the circle or out of it. One either learns to command and lead from the front or tail away at the rear in meek, abject surrender to the leader's beck and call. The first few steps and promises at the altar at the time of marriage are only symbolic. They only expound the binding factor that what God has put together, nobody puts asunder! Once this sanctity is broken or tampered with, it breaks a natural order at a very high cost to the couple and other innocent lives leaving them to bear the disastrous consequences for no fault of theirs. Teresa's matrimonial history is the regular mix of trial and error and these are best handled at the initial stage. It is commonly acknowledged that nobody is perfect, and by and large, few will readily admit their faults and shortcomings at the start of a relationship. The proverbial stitch in time saves nine applies to long term relationships like marriage. Teresa accepted George's lies about his aristocratic ancestry without discretion. She married him in the hope that there was a windfall headed her way through him. She was also fortunate enough to live through almost a decade of blissful married life when she gave birth to two sons, William and Liam. Nonetheless, now Teresa is going through testing times due to George's changed behavior and perceived lack of interest in their family affairs. The problem is compounded due to his alcoholism, abusive behavior which is degenerating to violence. The last straw in her tolerance level is breached when he discloses his intention to change his name and sex. In all probability, George has developed with homosexual symptoms and is in a gay relationship. (Gender recognition) 2. The Options Left with no reasonable option, Teresa is considering divorce and annulment of her marriage to George. She is also considering protection from George's abusive behavior and possibility of physical attacks in future. Prima facie, Teresa has good case for divorce. However, in the absence of solid proof she is not in a position to initiate legal action. She has to make sure that she has all the facts in place so that if and when she does file for divorce, the proceedings are in her favor. She also wants to know if George could be made to leave the house. Obviously, she is keen on holding on to their house for herself and her children. Legal procedures are complicated and require expert legal advisors to handle the case. The application of legal terms and procedures differ from case to case. For instance, once the case is filed

CASE STUDY ON HAITIAN CULTURE Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ON HAITIAN CULTURE - Case Study Example However, Haitians are proud of their history and tradition but majority of them are undergoing rapid change as they integrate into the global community. Their culture still applies to those who even migrated to the United States. In summary, the paper attempts to look at cultural views of homosexuality in Haiti as well as identifying culturally congruent strategies to address in designing of HIV prevention in the Haiti community. In addition, it will briefly discuss reaction of Ronald parents regarding his HIV status. Expressions of homosexuality are not accepted by society outside of certain culture and religious rites such as Carnival among the Haitian community. Haitian Creole reflects common attitudes towards homosexuals. There are, however, significant variations in attitudes, based in large measure on religious conviction. Evangelical Protestant denominations, citing scriptural passages they interpret as prohibiting homosexuality, tend to be least tolerant, often excluding openly homosexual men and women from their congregations. The Catholic Church has a somewhat more subtle approach. They condemn homosexual practices, but tolerating the presence of homosexuals in religious ceremonies, and calling on the faithful, not to mistreat them (World Health Organization, 2010, pp. 5-21). The response from Ronald parents’, if they were religious, to his HIV status would have vacillated a moderate stand of finger-pointing and blame him. This is, as a result of, being tradition and religious. They would stick to the idea of sex being holy and having its rightful place in marriage, and of course only between a man and a woman. In defense of their stance, however, it can be argued that Ronald deviation from this ideal led to HIV infection (Desilva, Grey & Gonzalez, 2009, pp. 70-77). When designing counseling and prevention program for the Haitian community and its population, it is important to note that best practices in counseling would

A Mexican Tejano in American Texas Essay Example for Free

A Mexican Tejano in American Texas Essay Thesis As young Tejano boy who lives in Texas with family, friends, and a community with respectful ordinance and order for law. One has experienced a life drastic change when two frontiers are met in Texas for the demand for independence, land, and property in my land. A Tejano life becomes a change for one when the United States fight in battle for Independence with Mexico, and ultimately change the characteristic and the effects of a Tejano life-for a boy. I am Tejano What is a Tejano? We are known to be the first descendants to grow families in Texas. From 1600’s through the late 1800’s, Tejano’s are extractions of the Mexican and Spanish groups that first colonized the Texas frontier. I have lived many years in Texas prior to the revolution and I helped create the areas first plaza’s, politics, missionaries, plantations, ranches, and developed roadways. â€Å"I am a Tejano!† San Antonio de Bexar where I was born, part of the Spain’s colonial holdings in the New World. My father Bernardo H. Reyes had immigrated to Texas from the State of Veracruz, Mexico. My father’s European heritage and devoted craftsman skills. My father: Bernardo H. Reyes surged as a forerunner in the society of San Antonio. He devoted his work as a mayor (Alcalde), of San Antonio, Texas to which was heroic to a Tejano son. He hoisted us in the European section of the plaza, and sent my older blood brothers and me to Mexico for better schooling. In change, school was subject to change for me. My advantages in s chool came to an end. At the age of 13, my father passed unexpectedly forcing us to return home to supply support to family back home in 1811 and 1813. The Anti-colonial revolutionaries took over many towns as I watched violently defeating our Mexican military. My older brother Danny Reyes, fought with the Mexican Army, also, helping the rebels in the fights, he was discharged when they discovered the event leading to a Battle of Alaz’n in Coahuila-y-Tejas, on June 20, 1813. Tejano Origins Tejano’s contributed to a stable cultural effect throughout the economic region in Texas. My people ranched and furnished a true historical value to Texas with families cultivated a new transition of a foreign Spanish flag to the Mexican flag. From people who wrote the laws that define Tejano life and also invited Angelo Immigrants-Whites. Tejano life was important in unifying the community for a military purpose of the reconciliation to settle in Texas. Tejano cultures were very distinguished with a very strong sense of community. In 1821, one was told there was a population of 4,000 Tejano’s in Texas. The early Spaniards had originally brought with them a good associating for neighboring brothers-which was identified as the barrio. The barrio was reinforced on the Texas Frontera when the early expeditions came to settle in Texas. People came together as families creating communities around the missions which made Texas a home to Tejano’s to settle. The term â⠂¬Å"Tejano† has been used to identify ones people and as a Tejano boy historically. I knew that Texas was the heritage of Spaniards to Mexican culture, and is now forced to see a new transition take place-with the United States for Independence. Texas Between 1821 and 1836, Texas was the land that introduced two frontiers in the Battles of American Military and Mexican Military for Independence, land, and power. Culture and social commerce were competitive during these condemning years. A political dominance for Mexican lands was well-catching when new settlers migrated into Mexico. In September 1810, before the United States migrated, New Spain was afraid that the first movement for freedom would lead to independence by a Mexican Priest named Miguel Hidalgo (My Uncle). His main ambition was to create a movement that would be independent country from Spain. Ending Texas the New Constitution gave a self-governed province by making a new state of Coahuila y Texas. In 1810 Mexico declared its independence from Spain after a protracted struggle. In September 1821, after three hundred years under Spanish rule, Mexico obtained its sovereignty and became a New Mexican empire. Years after in 1836, the Alamo took battle in the front and in 1846 the Battle of the Mexican American War lasted two years ceding nearly half of its territory from Mexico to the United States. These were The Battle of the Alamo followed by the Mexican-American War in 1846. Changing the political forces during for Tejano’s in Texas. Anglo Men (White) Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to English white people in 1821 (American History, 2012). When the Anglo Men first appeared in Texas, Tejano settlement composed three areas to separate the regions in Texas. The Nacogdoches region, the Bexar Goliad Region along with the San Antonio river. Each of the population fluctuated independently in its region from others between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, but shared certain trademarks in many similarities, which was military. Spain closed the Mouth of the Mississippi to foreigners from 1784 through 1795 due to 50,000 Americans settlers crossing. It was difficult to return across the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans were trying to set plantations for their crops in Louisiana and Texas during this time. Thomas Jefferson Threatened Mexico for a war over this new transition. Philip Nolan became the first Anglo American to cross the borders to sell horse trading in Texas but was arrested by Spanish borders. In Mexico City foile d our plans. Mexico was afraid about the reports that American immigrants were flouting Mexican laws and entering illegally, causing the Tejano population to be outnumbered to a rate of ten to one. The Mexican government excluded the importation of indentured servants to Texas and I was then surrounded by angle white settlers. Conclusion It is evident that Tejano laws laid much of the foundation for a prosperous Texan society and community. Eventually, American settlers fight for Independence with Mexico in the Mexican-American War, changing the effects, cultures, and territories-for Tejano’s. Indeed, the history of Texas can never be complete without the story of his origins and founders of an eminent Tejano. Reference American History. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/anglo-american-colonization-in-texas/texas-1821-1836.php Garcia, D (2004, Jan). People Events: Jose’ Antonio Navarro (1795-1871). Remember the Alamo, From http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/filmmore/webcredits.html From http://www.geocities.com/flambdog/texanscivilwar.htm MARTINEZ-CATSAM, A. (2013). War along the Border: The Mexican Revolution and Tejano Communities. Journal of Southern History, 79(3), 752-753 Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST 2 (2nd Ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Ralph Ellisons essay An Extravagance of Laughter Essay Example for Free

Ralph Ellisons essay An Extravagance of Laughter Essay Ralph Ellison in his essay, An Extravagance of Laughter demonstrated the living condition of black life in the segregated 1930s. Ellison grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Unfortunately, His father past away when he was only three. He lived with his mother and brother in absolute poverty, but always believe that he could overcome the limits of racial prejudice. Throughout the years, Ellison fell in love with Africa-American music (Jazz). He played Trumpet and thought himself Louis Armstrong solos. For Ellison and many other blacks in the south, personal choice (privileges) was something they were lacking. He states, you lived in a Negro neighborhood because you were forced to do so, and because you preferred living among those of your own background. Which was easy to answer, because having to experience life in a mixed neighborhood as a child, I preferred to live where people spoke my own version of the American Language; and where misreading of the tone or gesture were less likely to ignite literal conflict (Ellison 145). By this, people did not have any choice about where they live. At times, They preferred to live among those of their own background just because they did not want to deal with inferiority. Imagine living in a place were you were not wanted, and where people were aggravating you and your family from day to day. People really do not want to deal with negative attitudes and they certainly will not live around it. Many people believe its more comfortable to live around people with the same background as they are. By doing so, its easier to understand each others view about a certain point. Not only they were forced to live in places they did not want to live; public transportation was places of hallucinations for Negroes. Once their fares were deposited, they were sent straight to the rear. During such time, both the driver and white folks tormented them. Imagine the type of pushing and shoveling that occurred. Such dramatic and inconsiderate attitude can cause horrible effects on a pregnant woman. Getting push on a moving bus is very dangerous. After all the disappointments in the south, an old hero and friend, Langston Hughes invited Ellison, to be his guest at a Broadway theater. The play, Jack Kirklands dramatization of Erskine Caldwells famous novel Tobacco Road left a great impression on him. The comedy and the extravagance of laughter told Ellison many things about himself. I couldnt have put it into words at the time, but by forcing me to see the comedy in Jeeter Lesters Condition and allowing me to react to it in an interracial situation without the threat of physical violence, Caldwell told me something important about who I was (Ellison 171). As we can see, the author was in a safe house and he mentioned how the play made him a better person, and how he became a more tolerant American. The play helped him to deal with the horrible experiences that he encountered in the south. In the south, there were no contests because the white man always won; where as in the north, survival of the fittest was the issue. It gave him a chance to redeem his self-dignity. The moment of laughter was the point when a change occurred in Ellisons life. He produced a new drama in the theater when he started laughing. Once his laughing got going, it was a germ that affected many people. This play allowed Ellison to understand his role in the American society. By doing so, it helped him to remember the important part, which is not to think about racism, but to think about race in conjunction to the south, and New York. Ellisons experience in learning to be a New Yorker was something he never forgets. He states, Madam, all you had to do was risk the slight possibility that I just might be a gentleman. Because if you had, I would have been compelled to step aside (Ellison 144). From this quote, we can all see the meaning into the authors words. In the south, it would be required for a black person to get up and offer their seat to a white one. Nevertheless, They were in New York, and Laws did not recommend such thing. The lady got herself into a shuffle with him and fortunately he won. Its that aggressiveness that caused Ellison to retaliate and not offer her the seat. For Ellison, The notion of imagined communities (Benedict Anderson) as Pratt says came about his experiences. This illustrated the inner self-esteem that he had to reach within himself to bring out to society. He gathered up all his experiences from the south and those he acquired from  New York to stand up for himself and not to let society destroy it. One way to connect Pratts observation about the contact zone and safe houses with Ellisons feeling that he was on a journey without a map is to connect both authors points of view, and how they tried to persuade their readers. Ellison States, This made for a constant struggle over the nature of reality, in which each group probed and sparred as they tried to determined the others true motives and opinions (Ellison 160). This quote indicates that people should drop their mask and try to put their differences aside to connect with one another. We must retrieve our logical inspiration, and break the barriers of stupidity. In her essay, Arts of the Contact Zone, Pratt observed how society must get rid of racism, and destroys the shadow of ignorance. She states, meanwhile, our job in the American course remains to figure out how to make that crossroad the best site for learning that it can be (Pratt 541). She demonstrated many ways to develop social and intellectual differences. She stressed the importance of what we came to call safe house, which are places that groups can constitute as communities. Pratt stated the way to comprehend communication and behavior is through common rules that must be shared. She mentioned how different personalities interpret a common rule. In her essay, Guaman Pomas unread masterpiece and Benedict Andersons theory of imagine communities demonstrated her argument. These examples are part of what someone should strongly focus on to understand their cultures as well as others. As both authors Stated, Our position in relation to the issue of contact, safety, mapping and community is very important. First, Ellison mentioned, And just as Henry James felt it prudent to warn Americans against a superstitious elevation of Europe, Negro folklore with its arrays of survival strategies warned me against an overvaluation of white pretensions. And despite their dominance and low opinion of Negro intelligence, white suspected the presence of profound reservations even when Negroes were far less assertive than they are today (Ellison 160).  Throughout this essay, Its clear that racism played a big part throughout society. The above statement mentioned how whites were looking down at Negroes. Even with their greatest efforts, Negroes were still underestimated.

Elections Are A Major Institutional Pillar Politics Essay

Elections Are A Major Institutional Pillar Politics Essay Elections are a major institutional pillar of liberal democracy. They are the dominant element of political process as they provide the platform for exercising the basic rights of the people associated with democracy freedom of speech, association, choice and movement and the like. They also form the individuals rights of participation in the political process. For the masses they are the opportunity to make the political leaders accountable for their stewardship during the time they were in power, as well as subject to their power as the final sovereign of the country. An election is a competition for office based on a formal expression of preferences by a designated body of people at the ballot box.  [1]  As Yogesh Atal had observed, elections computes public opinion.  [2]  Therefore, elections signify the power of the people and provide legitimacy to the authority of the government. On the importance of elections, Norman D. Palmer, has observed: Elections are particularly conspicuous and revealing aspect of most contemporary political systems. They highlight and dramatize a Political System, bringing its nature into sharp relief, and providing insights into other aspects of the system as a wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [3]   Popular elections are at the heart of representative democracy. And, that holding periodic election is the hallmark of representative democracy based on the active interest of the people. The functioning of democracy demands maximum involvement and participation of the masses in democratic process of the country.  [4]  These are the central democratic procedure for selecting and controlling leaders.  [5]  Elections are episodes of political action during which the preferences of citizens and the conduct of politicians, based on their past agency record and their prospective promises, intersects and interact.  [6]  In the opinion of Robert A. Dhal, the election is the central technique for ensuring that government leaders will be relatively responsible to non-leaders.  [7]  The political class sees elections as an opportunity for renewing their mandate to exercise legitimate power. In this sense, elections constitute a vital bridge linking the masses to the political c lass.  [8]  In addition, growing commitment to democratic elections is also an affirmation of a growing popular commitment to the rule of law.  [9]  Democracy, particularly, its liberal version, may be defined as a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realms of citizens, acting indirectly through competition and cooperation of their elected representatives.  [10]   In fact, elections in a democratic system of governance provide the voter with a meaningful choice of candidates, and are distinguished by several characteristics, including a universal franchise, a secret ballot, the involvement of political parties, contests in every, or almost every, constituency and campaigns regulated by strict and fair rules.  [11]  This implies extensive competition for power; highly inclusive citizenship and extensive civil and political liberties. Also, in-between elections, citizens must be able to influence public policy through various non-electoral means like interest group associations and social movements, which invariably involve cooperation and competition among citizens.  [12]   The use of elections in the modern era dates to the emergence of representative government in Europe and North America since the 17th century.  [13]  Modern democracies are typically based on representative models in which citizens elect their representatives to govern and frame policies on their behalf. Full democracies are those systems in which there are universal suffrage, regular elections, an independent judiciary, relatively equal access to power for all groups, and extensive civil liberties that are combined with protection for minorities and disadvantaged groups.  [14]   The developments and want for electoral democracy across societies are quite fascinating. Indeed, some twenty-five years ago there were only about thirty-five democracies across the world, most of them being wealthy and industrialized nations, particularly in the West. Today, the number has grown to about 120. Huntington (1999) argues that at least thirty countries turned democracies between 1974 and 1990;  [15]  while Diamond (1997) takes Freedom House data to show that that the number of democracies increased from 39 in 1974 to 118 in 1996.  [16]  Consequently, and more precisely, democratic government out-numbered all other governments. Jaggers and Gurr (1995) claim that the proportions of the democracies rose from 27 percent in 1975 to 50 percent in 1994.  [17]   It is assumed by critics that many of the new democracies are being hollowed out.  [18]  The effect is the spread of electoral democracy where political parties battle for control of government through comparatively free and fair election;  [19]  but not liberal democracy with an effective rule of law behind individual and minority freedoms and protections.  [20]  A claim to liberal democracy may serve to legitimize state authority nearly everywhere, but the reality falls far short of the global triumph of liberal democratic government. The remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy of liberal democracy served as the premise of Fukuyamas thesis on the end of history.  [21]  Doubts about the quality of new democracies imply that the new democracies may enshrine democratic principles that fail to operate in practice, and that the populations do not therefore enjoy liberal democratic freedoms. Defining electoral politics Though psephologist and scholars often make use of the term electoral politics, the phrase is, very rarely defined accurately. Still, as term in common political discourse goes, this is, in particular, not vague or elastic. The definition that follows is partly descriptive; that is to say, it is designed to reflect what most people seem to mean when they use the term and to suggest what the term ought to. The word election is of Latin origin and is derived from the root eligere. Election literary connotes, the public choice of person for office. It may be regarded as a form of procedure recognized by the rules of an organization, whereby all or some of the members of the organization choose a smaller number of persons or one person to hold office of authority in the organization.  [22]  According to Websters dictionary, election means the act or process of choosing a person for an office, position or membership by voting. An election, as William B. Munro (1926) writes long ago, consists of a regular series of events.  [23]  These events differ from political system to another as provided by the respective legal provisions of that particular system, but always include voter registration, nominations of candidates, seeking access to the electorate, voters preferences and the like. It is a formal act of collective decision that occurs in a stream of connected antecedent and subsequent behaviour.  [24]  Elections are the principal mechanism by which the citizens hold government accountable, both retrospectively for their policies and more generally for the manner in which they govern.  [25]  Hence, it can be said that electoral politics is the study of the political process, involved in the electoral process, ranging from the nomination of candidates to the final outcome of an election and can be conceptualized as a set of activities, in strategic cooperation between numerous participants in t he electoral process. This naturally involves the study of campaign strategies (the electoral behaviour), and the mobilisation of resources by political parties and the candidates; the role of youth power, organised groups and influentials. In simple terms, electoral politics is s an index of popular consciousness, articulation and participation of the electorate in the decision  [26]  of the society. Electoral politics seeks to analyze the major features in the conduct of elections, democratic or otherwise, and the process involved therein to ascertain electorate opinion of a given geographical area. It is through election that political preferences of the electors are expressed and ordered. The process of electoral politics presents the electors with a decision task that requires a particular choice between the contending candidates. Thus it may be said that electoral politics, is a means of translating the popular will into an elected assembly.  [27]  But at the same time it must be conceded that elections are clumsy instruments of choice.  [28]  In such circumstances, the study of election and electoral system has been a continuing source of interdisciplinary conflict, largely between political scientist s and sociologists.  [29]   The Review of Literature: There is considerable body of theoretical and empirical literature on elections and its allied discipline, in both the developed and developing democracies, that identifies several functions performed by elections in liberal democracies. A brief history of the literature available so far is examined in the pages that follow: Scholarly studies of electoral politics have a long and vibrant history. Most works on electoral politics primarily focus on voting behavior. The 1940s saw the birth of scientific use of survey research to examine academic voting research in the study of electoral politics. Under the direction of Paul Lazarsfeld, the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University interviewed a probability sample of Erie County, Ohio, during the Roosevelt-Wilkie presidential race.  [30]  The findings of the study were published in the book titled The People Choice.  [31]  The authors determine why people vote as they do focusing mainly on social groupings, religion, and residence. They argue that people tend to vote with their groups, and to that extent people take longer time to arrive at voting choice. Later, a second panel study conducted by the Columbian School in 1948 provided a more influential book, Voting.  [32]  It examines the factors that make people vote the way they do based on the famous Elmira Study, carried out by a team of skilled social scientists during the 1948 presidential campaign. It shows how voting is affected by social class, religious background, family loyalties, local pressure groups, mass communication media, and other factors. The work of Lazarsfeld and his Columbia colleagues demonstrated the rich potential of election surveys as data for understanding campaigns and elections. The next, and even more important, advance in election studies emerged in the following decade at the University of Michigan.  [33]  It created the most significant milestone in the whole tenet of electoral research, The American Voter.  [34]  It explored the so-called psychological model, in its study explaining peoples political choices; and found out how people voted were mainly their party identification. The work established a baseline for most of the scholarly debate that has followed in the decades since.  [35]  However, political scientist like V.O. Key  [36]  attacked this work, in which he famously asserted, voters are not fools. Key argues against the implications of Campbell et al.s book, and Converses later addition,  [37]  about the ignorance and unreliability of American voters. He analyzed public opinion data and electoral returns to show what he believed to be the rationality of voters choices as political decisions rather than responses to psychological stimuli.  [38]   In the years that followed, Nie, Verba, Petrocik  [39]  presents one of the best treatments on the subject in the form of The Changing American Voter. It analyzes and evaluates the changes which have taken place since the publication of The American Voter. The resultant is that electorate has both responded and contributed to the major political shifts of the 60s and 70s; it depicts how and why by citing substantial statistics and figures. However, this argument finds many critics. Among them, Smith  [40]  posits a more bleak political landscape in which the typical voter knows little about politics is not interested in the political arena and consequently does not participate in it. To support this view, Smith demonstrates how the indices used by Nie, Verba, and Petrocik during the 1960s were methodologically flawed and how a closer examination of supposed changes reveals only superficial and unimportant shifts in the ways voters have approached the ballot box since the 195 0s. Miller and Shanks  [41]  in their study, presents a comprehensive analysis of American voting patterns from 1952 through the early 1990s, with special emphasis on the 1992 election, based on data collected by the National Election Studies. It also presents a unique social and economic picture of partisanship and participation in the American electoral process. Michael S. Lewis-Beck  [42]  re-creates the outstanding 1960 classic, The American Voter, by following the same format, theory, and mode of analysis as the original in the form of The American Voter Revisited. It discovers that voting behaviour has been remarkably consistent over the last half century and quite surprisingly, the contemporary American voter is found to behave politically much like voters of the 1950s. Across the Atlantic, the study of electoral behaviour was no less momentous. A number of scholars and researcher, alike took up the topic in academic research till date. Butler and Stokes  [43]  offer an explaination of British voting behaviour since 1945 with greater emphasis on sociological and historical factors and on changes at the macro and elite level. Harrison  [44]  provide a detailed explanation of how the British political system came to acquire the form it has today by analysing topics such as civil liberties, pressure groups, parliament, elections and the parties, central and local government, cabinet, and monarchy. Birch  [45]  provides a comprehensive account of British political institutions, of the way in which they operate, and of the society in which they developed. Pugh  [46]  present an insightful survey of changes in British politics since the election of 1945 and examines Labour Partys evolution into a national rather than sectional party. David Powell  [47]  examine British politics on the eve of war, the author assesses the impact of war on the parties and the political system and the process of realignment that followed in the interwar period. Hough and Jeffery  [48]  present a comparative perspective on the new dynamics of electoral competition following devolution to Scotland and Wales. It brings together leading experts on elections, political parties and regional politics from Britain, Europe and North America to explore the dynamics and interactions of national and regional arenas of electoral competition. Johnston and Pattie  [49]  analyses the dynamics of electoral behaviour into its geographical context. They show how voters and parties are affected by, and in turn influence, both national and local forces. Kavanagh  [50]  analyse the methods of political choice and decision-making in electoral democratic institutions. The focus throughout is on key topics of voting behavior, election rules, the media, election pacts, and the consequences of elections. Wolfinger and Rosenstone  [51]  present an assessment of the sociological, motivational, and political factors that account for variation in electoral participation. Lupia and. Harrop and Miller  [52]  examine competitive electoral systems as well as non-competitive ones. McCubbins  [53]  present an impressive treatment of one of the most important issues in democratic theory: the individuals inability to make fully informed decisions. It redefines the research agenda in democratic theory and information and also intends to lay foundations of a new theoretical approach to institutional design Bendor, Diermeier, Siegel and Ting  [54]  provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors, that is, both politicians as well as voters are only bounded rationally. The theory constructs formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters choices of candidates and the like. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. Bogdanor Butler  [55]  analyses the main electoral systems of modern democracies, and places them in their institutional and historical context. Diamond and Plattner  [56]  addresses electoral systems and democracy comparing the experiences of diverse countries, from Latin America to southern Africa, from Uruguay, Japan, and Taiwan to Israel, Afghanistan, and Iraq. As the number of democracies has increased around the world, a heated debate has emerged among experts about which system best promotes the consolidation of democracy. Diamond  [57]  sets forth a distinctive theoretical perspective on democratic evolution and consolidation in the late twentieth century. These include strong political institutions, appropriate institutional designs, decentralization of power, a vibrant civil society, and improved economic and political performance. Courtney  [58]  argues that elections are governed by accepted rules and procedures of the political system and it is important for citizens to understand their own electoral system. Sawer  [59]  presents an edited volume on Australian electoral history providing a broad commentary on continuing democratic challenges. Roberts  [60]  provides explanations and analysis of the German federal electoral system; discusses the role of electoral politics in relation to political parties and to the public. Lindberg  [61]  studies elections as a core institution of liberal democracy in the context of newly democratizing countries. He gathers data from every nationally contested election in Africa from 1989 to 2003, covering 232 elections in 44 countries, argues that democratizing nations learn to become democratic through repeated democratic behavior, even if their elections are often flawed. Cowen Laakso  [62]  presents electoral studies of multi-party politics in 14 African countries during the 1990s. Hesseling  [63]  offers theoretical and historical assessments of election observation and evaluates policies and their implementation in specific case studies. Diamond and Plattner  [64]  examines the state of progress of democracy in Africa at the end of the 1990s. The past decades third wave of democratization, the contributors argue, has been characterized by retreats as well as advances. Piombo and Nijzik  [65]  in their edited work give an account of democratic elections in South Africa since April 1994 after her liberation. Norris  [66]  analyses whether there are legitimate grounds for concern about public support for democracy world-wide; or are there political, economic, and cultural factors driving the dynamics of support for democratic government. It shows how citizens in contemporary democracies relate to their governments. Later on, Norris  [67]  focuses on democratic deficits, reflecting how far the perceived democratic performance of any state diverges from public expectations Popkin  [68]  concludes that voters make informed logical choices by analyzing three primary campaigns Carter in 1976; Bush and Reagan in 1980; and Hart, Mondale, and Jackson in 1984 to arrive at a new model of the way voters sort through commercials and sound bites to choose a candidate. Powell  [69]  argues that elections are instrumental in linking the preferences of citizens to the behaviour of policymakers His empirical findings prove that if this is taken as the main function of democratic elections the proportional vision and its designs enjoyed a clear advantage over their majoritarian counterparts in using elections as instruments of democracy.  [70]  Brennan and Lomasky  [71]  offer a compelling challenge to the central premises of the prevailing theories of voting behavior. Niemi and Weiberg  [72]  present collection of essays that explore some of the controversies in the study and understanding of voting behavior. Caplan  [73]  takes a persistent look at how people who vote under the influence of false beliefs ultimately end up with government that delivers miserable results. LeDuc, Niemi and Norris  [74]  in their edited volume provide a broad theoretical and comparative understanding of all the key topics associated with the elections including electoral and party systems, voter choice and turnout, campaign communications, and the new politics of direct democracy. Zuckerman  [75]  in his edited volume uses classic theories to explain individuals political decisions by a range of political scientists; advances theory and method in the study of political behavior and returns the social logic of politics to the heart of political science. Cox  [76]  employs a unified game-theoretic model to study strategic coordination worldwide that relies primarily on constituency-level rather than national aggregate data in testing theoretical propositions about the effects of electoral laws. Norris  [77]  gives a masterpiece of synthesis, original theorizing, and empirical analysis of an impressively large number and variety of cases. This book looks at public opinion data linking attitudes, party choices, and electoral systems in ways that the game theory literature usually fails to come to grips with. Norris combines institutional and survey data from 32 widely different countries to assess the possibilities and limitations of implanting democracy through institutional engineering. Franklin  [78]  demonstrate how voter turnout can serve as an indicator of the health of a democracy, and concludes that declining turnout does not necessarily reflect reductions in civic virtue or increases in alienation. Dalton  [79]  introduces the reader to the knowledge we have of comparative political behavior, and the implications of these findings. The analyses focus on the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and France in a broad cross-national context. Dalton offers the theory that the quality of citizen politics is alive and well whereas the institutions of democracy are in disarray. Further, Dalton  [80]  documents the erosion of political support in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. It traces the current challenges to democracy owing to changing citizen values and rising expectations. The author finds that these expectations are making governing more difficult, but also fueling demands for political reform. Prysby and Books  [81]  examines how and why individual political behavior can be influenced by various contextual characteristics of the locality in which the individual resides, an

Genetically Engineered Crops: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks Essay

In order to understand the controversy of genetically engineered crops one must understand what genetic engineering or genetic modification is: â€Å"GMO are organisms that are generated by combining genes of different species using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. Resulting organisms are then said to be transgenic, genetically engineered or genetically modified (GM). This group of organisms includes... plants.† (Celec et al., 2005) The genetic modification of crops and plants was created so that crops could, â€Å"... protect themselves against insects and disease, to feed and vaccinate people at the same time, to flourish in poor soil and drought, or to improve the quantity and bioavailability of individual nutrients.† (Roberts, Struble, McCullum-Gomez, Wilkins, 2006). These benefits may seem to outweigh the risks and in reality they do, however this does not mean the consumer should not be notified of the risks they are taking. The hallmark of our free society demands that the consumer be able to choose whether or not they want to eat something that may have health risks product labeling that identifies GMO ingredients allows for consumers to choose a particular product while ensuring that the producer feel more at ease with the way they disclose information and promote their product. Genetically engineered crops have many risks ranging from mild to serious. The risks of food allergy is one more serious factor. â€Å"There are risks not only from the parent crop, but in addition the new transgenic product can be an allergen.† (Celec et al., 2005) The risk of food allergens from genetic engineering is evident in this case with Brazil nuts and soy beans. In this case genetically modified soy beans had been given a protein from Brazil nut... ...base Ehrenfreund, M., Wheat With Engineered Gene Demonstrates Challenges for Researchers. (2013, May). Retrieved November 14, 2013, from www.washingtonpost.com Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Draft Guidance, (2013, August). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from www.fda.gov Kaya, I. H. (2012). Genetically modified crops and human health. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(19), 3613-3617. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from Medwell Journals database. Roberts, K. S., Struble, M. B., McCullum-Gomez, C., Wilkins J. L. (2006). Use of a risk communication model to evaluate dietetics professionals’ viewpoints on genetically engineered foods and crops. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(5), 719-727. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from ScienceDirect database.

Free Things They Carried Essays: Instinct :: Things They Carried Essays

Human Instinct in The Things They Carried Fear is a strong emotion that is constantly haunting the minds of the men in Tim O'Brien's book, The Things They Carried. Fear is handled by different men in different ways. However, through the characters of Dave Jenson and Lee Struck in "Enemies" and "Friends," two opposing reactions can be seen. HCAL defines cultural studies as something that can "...either create community or cause division and alienation"(240). By using cultural studies it is possible to analyze these two stories to understand why these two men react differently to he same emotion under different circumstances. In "Enemies," Jenson and Struck have a fight over a missing jackknife which evolves from a broken nose to a broken mind. The two men become enemies; not only are they faced with the fear of war, but also of the fear of each other. Jenson was affected the most by this. He began to loose his sanity watching both the enemy lines and his own men trusting no one. In an attempt to justify the fight with Struck, he breaks his own nose along with yelling and shooting off rounds of ammunition. The fear that built up inside of Jenson causes him to be alienated from the rest of the Army. Unlike the prior story, in "Friends," fear helps to bring Jenson and Struck closer together. They are both afraid of returning from the war dismembered in some fashion. To prevent this, the men form a agreement that if one of them is hurt in such a way, that the other would kill them. Because of this pact, the men are united with a common trust. This helps to subside the fear and allow them to not be as scared of the war. These two stories show how fear can cause the bond of friendship and community or hatred which resulted in alienation. The two character, Lee Strunk and Dave Jenson, show how a mans reaction to fear can affect him. In the story "Enemies," Jenson slowly begins to isolate himself as a way to keep away from Strunk. He views everyone as the enemy making his foxholes near the perimeter and always keeping his back covered. This constant fear ate way at Jenson until he finally lost his sanity. In "Friends," Jenson and Strunk take deal with fear in a more positive way.

GCSE English Coursework: The Crucible Essay -- Essay on The Crucible

GCSE English Coursework: The Crucible The Crucible. Arthur Miller, ‘The Crucible’ is a play based upon the events of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The story is about a religiously motivated town. The story is about a group of girls’ who are led by Abigail, who blamed witchcraft for their troubles. Being a strict Christian society the people of Salem believed in the girl’s stories. In conclusion this led into 20 people being falsely accused, and hung. The girl’s stories were easy to believe because of many reasons. Salem town was filled in a Puritanism belief. Everything they did was for God; they were doing God’s work. With this they believed that the bible was the ultimate answer to any question. When something went wrong they would automatically look into the bible and the teachings of God and anything it said they would abbey to it. John Proctor is accused of being a witch when he forgets his 10 commandments. He forgets to mention about not committing adultery. Proctor replies to this by saying, â€Å"I think it may be a small fault†, with Hale replying, â€Å"Theology, sir, is a fortress; no crack in a fortress may be accounted small†. Because they lived in a society that was strict and suspicious about everything because they were paranoid with fear. Hale suggests that because has forgot to mention adultery that Proctor doesn’t see it as a problem and will commit adultery. The people of Salem would swiftly blame the devil as when something bad or evil would happen. Towards the beginning of Act One we see this when Betty falls sick and Mrs Putnam says, â€Å"I’d not call it sick; the Devil’s touch is heavier than sick†, this shows us what a strongly religious society Salem was at this time. This makes the ... ...he liked her power. She likes to be in control. The society has a strong pride. With the people of Salem not confessing to the witchcraft. Because they didn’t admit they assumed that they did do the witchcraft, so the girl’s stories were easy to believe even more so. In conclusion the girl’s stories were easy to be believed because the society of Salem was an extremely religious. They were paranoid with fear, which made them venerable to small things: causing superstition. Another reason why the girl’s stories were easy to believe was because people wanted to believe them so they could end old grudges and claim land. People were scared to question the Bible because they would be accused of doing the Devil’s work and then hung. The Religious views about Christianity were taken too literally and as a punishment over 20 people were hung because of it.

Delivery of Customer Service Excellence within UK universities Essay

There has been continuous increase in the number of people pursuing higher education. This has been contributed to by the changing society that requires one to continuously update and keep up with the education standards. As the demand of education increases, there is an increase in demand for higher education in the face of decreasing government funding (White, 2007, p.67). The decrease in government funding in many countries has resulted to self-sponsorship among most of the students. With the students, being self-sponsored there is need for amore market driven stress on focus on the customers’ needs and in this case, the students are the customers. As the number of students with the objective of going to universities increase so does the application of marketing in the field of higher education (Lomas, 2007, p.456). The marketing of university services has necessitated the change in the relationship of the students and the university to have a customer provider relation. The treatment of students as customers has been at an increase due to the increase in number of universities. The increase in number of universities increases competition-necessitating need for customer service among the universities to increase the number of student’s enrollment rate. To establish if the students are customers one has to determine the services provided by universities and the consumers of the products or services provided. According to Martinez (2013, p.56), education provision can be classified as a service, which can be separated into service delivery and service content. Whereby service, content cannot be negotiated with the students but service deliver is negotiable. Simple the content covered in the classrooms is not determined by the students but the way in which this content is delivered can be negotiable. The customers of the service provided by the universities are students. The service delivered in this case refers to the standard way in which education is applied or impacted on the students. The quality of service is determined by the standards applied in an institution, the equipment’s applied, technology, materials, instructor, and the timing in which this education takes place. The two types of service provided by the universities attract different consumers. The service content attracts customers that are external to the institution who include private and public employers and the society. The students are described as the service consumers since they are partners with the institutions and are the main consumers of the services provided by universities. Universities can also be described as service providers since it cannot be classified as service provider since they do not manufacture any of their final products instead they offers good that are not physically visible. Having classified the services provided by universities it could be established that there are several types of consumers of the universities products. The main customers are however, the students who are directly affected by the quality of services provided. Secondly, there are external consumers who are affected by the services provided in a secondary level. Having established students as consumers then universities should strive to always satisfy customer’s needs. In addition, universities should be improved by comparing them with the service provision industry, as an ever-increasing competition forces to do so. Trends in the universities also draw it closer to customer-oriented service industries. Students   want to be involved in the decision making process of the universities more than depending on the market forces, this qualifies   the students to be the customers since the articulation of their opinions increases or decreases the royalty and retention rate of the universities customers. In some countries like UK and Austral, universities senior management and government agencies insist on the need to consider students as the customers. This is evident in Oxford University where the satisfaction of the students is a paramount objective for the institution. This is justified by the fact that the marketing department of the university has students suggestion cites where they collect the needs and wants of the students. This opinion is however, not supported by the academic staff that states that recognition of students as customers decreases the quality of education since the needs of the students are not in all cases right like the expectation in businesses(Lomas, 2007, p.34). Governments all over the world and particularly the UK government have been seen to put in place mechanisms for assessing the quality of the services provided by universities. This assessment is meant to allow the government to identify areas that need improvement. The government also puts in place measures that drive up the quality of education and provide enough information about the universities that will help students determine on what institution is proper or the best among the many provided. Government makes reforms at universities to change the perception of universities into business –like organizations (Lomas, 2007, p.54). According to Pittman (p. 342), the relationship between the student and the universities are special unlike most of the service industries. The recognition of universities as service providers, in one way or another the market forces lead into the treatment of the institutions as businesses. The treatment of universities as businesses has been evident in the running of Cambridge university and other leading universities in the UK that engage in marketing strategies aimed at pleasing the students in the universities. This therefore includes the marketing strategies used by businesses. The business focus is the satisfaction or meeting customer needs and similarly universities should focus on meeting the students’ needs to survive in the market. Students attend universities with different objectives including, pursuit of their person interest, desire to gain qualifications, prepare for academic and research careers and preparation for the world of work. These needs are sufficiently provided by most of the universities however, the students choose the universities that provide these services with a more customer centric culture. The universities are now under pressure to make the students feel as the kings and at the same time not deteriorate their standards of their curriculums or standards. This calls for the universities to differentiate themselves and creating a customer oriented relation with the students to increase the enrollments and retention rate. Customer Relationship Management Theory Customer relationship management is an important aspect of any business. It is the process of obtaining, retaining an increase the market share, or customer base of a business. It includes the management of off-line and in-line relationships with consumers. Customer relationship management requires the running of business in a customer centric approach that considers the customers first. Universities have increased in number necessitating the need of marketing activities that differentiate each university and increase their competitive advantage. The ever-increasing competition levels have brought about changes in the dynamics of the education business particularly in the university level. The customers of universities have continuously been enlightened and choose the best among the universities. This has increased the need and importance of a customer centric culture that strives to understand the customer’s needs. Universities have understood the need to invest in new technologies to allow them to gain advantage in the competition by exploiting their brand value, customer base, and investments in infrastructure in order to increase the number of enrollments, as their direct link to the customer satisfaction and profitability (Martinez, 2013, p.56). Customer relationship management allows the universities to analyze their consumers at different levels to allow the detection of their needs, preferences, potential areas that require improvement and after this, the universities are able to establish or implement the necessary actions to achieve customer satisfaction. Universities engage in every year orientation for the students to display the facilities in the institutions. This is evident in Manchester University, Liverpool and Cambridge that allow the interested students to view the facilities and from their judgment choose a university that best suits their needs. Achievement of customer satisfaction is a core objective to many businesses as it increases the competitive advantage and thus increasing profitability of the organization. The increase in number of universities increases the bargaining power of the consumers who in this case are the students. Today students want to enroll in universities with better services, lower fees, good infrastructure, skilled tutors, and access to various services within an institution. This pressures the universities to look for new ways that are going to satisfy these needs and ways to keep the students and the rest of the customers satisfied before any other institution does (West, Ford, & Ibrahim, 2010, pg.89). According to Bay, Darlenen, Daniel, &Harold (p. 15), students are the purchasers of the service provides and therefore the customers of some of the campus services and the facilities, which are provided at a price. Students have to pay for the education provided at full price in order to benefit. The service provider determines the standards of the service though the services provided at aimed at satisfying the customers. This is similar with the universities who are expected to determine the needs of the customers but at the same time ensure that they satisfy the customer’s needs. Students can also be seen as clients of the campus facilities such as libraries, administrative services, and computer laboratories. Students could use these services as free of charge but since they are charged this makes the students the clients of the universities. These universities have a responsibility to the students Total Quality Management According to total quality, management customers are the people to whom an organization sells its services or products. This makes the students and in some cases the parents, private and public institution, and the government the customers of the universities. TQM model identifies students as stakeholders in educational decisions. They are however, not the only stakeholders and at times, the needs of the students come second to those of the society. Under the TQM, frame work the students create a market force under which the universities have to adopt to survive in the market (White & Naomi, 2007, p. 600). The TQM model states that quality starts and ends with the customer, this is because of the increased competition in the market that has necessitated the focus on the customer to gain a competitive advantage. According to the concept, the satisfaction of internal customers leads to the satisfaction of the external customers and consequently every customer both the external and internal are satisfied. The theory states that several factors including, customer expectation, company operations, and the employees responsible for delivering the services to the customer bring about customer satisfaction. The creation of a customer centric culture is of great importance to an organization. This creates satisfaction among the consumers and the customers increasing their royalty and increases the retention rate of customers. Focus on customers increases the advertisement of a product by the word of mouth of the satisfied clients reducing the operation cost and increasing the number of consumers. Concentration on consumers is the best tactic or weapon against competitors since the customers are the final determinants in the existence of an organization (George & David, 2007, p.970). Universities are businesses that should re-orient the services rendered so to keep the customers satisfied. In the past universities were not treated as businesses since there were countable universities and the number of students were minimal and there were no competition. Currently the market is flooded with universities, which increases the need of the perception of the customer as the king and always right. With the increased number of universities the buyers of universities services are fewer and this increases the need for quality services   which is dependent on the extent that   an university is able to meet and exceed the customers’ requirements (King, 2001, p.190). Total quality, management recognizes the student’s perception of quality change as they progress from one stage to another. This allows the institutions to continuously update their services to meet the customers’ needs and expectations in every level, Needs of the customers in universities consist of the minimum necessary human elements that must be rendered to retain the customers in this case the student. If the students’ needs are not met then they are likely to discontinue their education in one university and continue in another that meets its needs. Universities are defined to be successful if the student enrollment and retention rate is high compared to the rest in the market. Total quality, management programs are also seen to be successful if they facilitate customer retention and enrollment in universities. Needs and want satisfaction in universities is therefore structured towards the basics of performance, providing what the students want and what they are unable to survive without (White & Naomi, 2007, p. 600). Ways in Which Expectations Can Be Managed and Service Excellence Achieved Universities can use different mechanisms to improve their service excellence. The first strategy on improving service excellence is the determination of the superior services they offer. The service must identify and target customers segments according to the type of services attributes that they must demand. Universities must identify group or students with similar expectations in terms of what aspects are associated with the excellence in service. The universities should continuously find the proper trade- off between inferior performance for one attribute with superior performance for another (Bay, Darlene, Daniel &Harold, 2001, p.16), The customers themselves best understand their needs. Expectations can be managed if the service providers are able to understand the needs of the customers. In universities, the students are the main consumers of the services offered. Universities should identify the students’ needs by encouraging feedback on the services provided. This allows the meeting of their needs and consequently increasing the customer royalty and the enrollment rate. The second strategy is the employee management system that allows ensures that the employees treat the customers are content. Universities should ensure that their employees meet the needs of the customers and have a customer centric culture. In the case of universities the academic personnel should ensure the student’s needs are met and also that the services rendered are of quality (Lomas & Laurie, 2007, p.35) The third element is benchmarking the service provided and the services provided by other universities. This allows the universities to identify the areas that need improving and the areas that are outstanding. This allows the universities to merge or close up the gap between them and their competitors. Benchmarking also gives new ideas of products or the services that the competitors are offering. This increases the products offered and the quality of service (West, Ford, & Ibrahim, 2010, pg.89). The fourth element is continuous improvement of the services and products offered by institutions. The continuous improvement of services reduces the chances of products becoming obsolete. University students needs keep changing with periods, change in equipment infrastructure, and the time. This necessitates the universities to update their services continuously so at to increase customer satisfaction and maintain customer royalty. The last step is being of conscious of bad service delivery. Looking at the past bad experiences allows and institutions to learn what are being done wrong. Continuous review of past mistakes allow the correction of the poor standard services previously provided and introduction of new services that meet the customers need. The last is the implementation of technology to improve customer satisfaction and in meeting the customer needs. The increased perception of students as customers has increased the enrollment in most universities. This is because of the students feeling that their needs are catered for. This has been evident with the increased enrollments in the oxford university. Conclusion The focus on customers is a core objective for any business. Universities are classified as service delivery business with the students being the major customers. The identification of the customer needs is a relevant and important factor in the satisfaction of customer needs. In universities and higher education institutions students are classified as customers since they are the purchasers of the services provided by the institutions. Universities are obliged to provide quality services to the students. There has been increased number of universities with time, which has increased the competition among the universities to gain competitive advantage. The increased competition has necessitated the need for a customer centric culture to gain more customers. References Bay, D.   & Daniel, H. 2001. â€Å"The Student Is Not the Customer-An Alternative Perspective†, Journal of Marketing for Higher Education Vol.11, No. 1, pp.1-19 Biswas, S. 2011. Relationship marketing: concepts, theories and cases. New Dehli, India, PHI Learning. George, D. 2007. â€Å"Market Overreach: The Student As Customer†, The Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.36, pp.965-977 HErnon, P., & Whitman, J. R. 2000. Delivering satisfaction and service quality: a customer-based approach for libraries. Chicago, American Library Association. Hess, E. D. 2011. Growing an entrepreneurial business: concepts and cases. Stanford, California, Stanford Business Books. King, S.P. 2001. â€Å"The Funding of Higher Education in Australia: Overview and Alternatives†, The Australian Economic Review, Vol.34, No.2, pp.190-194 Lomas, L. 2007. â€Å"Are Students Customers? Perceptions of Academic Staff†, Quality in Higher Education, Vol.13, No.1, April, pp.32-43 Martinez, M. 2013. Creating a service culture in higher education administration. West, D. C., Ford, J. B., & Ibrahim, E. 2010. Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford, Oxford University Press. White, N, R. 2007. â€Å"The Customer Is Always Right? Student Discourse About Higher Education In Australia†, High Education, Vol.54, pp.593-604.   

Network security threats Essay

The consumption of this memo is to let you know the impressiveness of mesh screenology warrantor. Here I lead discuss the net profit warrantor threats, impartiality that affects net put to work trade nurtureion and processes and procedures for chance retrieval, info backup, and info restoration along with in store(predicate) action plans. profits protective cover threats fag end be de poseate as either method utilize to try to let place the aegis of a net or system (Tulloch 2003).The goal of network trade protection is to apply and defend third censorious properties of discipline, which argon confidentiality, integrity and availability. This threats originate from pastiche of sources much(prenominal) as out-of-door and internal. External threats argon structured threats from bitchy individuals or organizations and unstructured threats from inexperienced clapers such as script kiddies. Internal threats atomic number 18 threats from dissatisfy e mployees or contractors.Various network auspices threats exist. several(prenominal) of the threats argon Firew alone and System Probing, Network File Systems (NFS) Application Attacks, Vendor scorn Password Attacks, Denial of service (DoS) attacks, friendly Engineering Attacks, Electronic Mail Attacks, Spoofing, Sniffing, atomisation and Splicing Attacks, Easy-To-Guess Password Compromise, Destructive estimator Viruses, Prefix S passelning, Trojan Horses and Reconnaissance attacks.The crown three security threats to a network be discussed in below paragraphs. dissatisfied Employees This is the near(prenominal) vernacular network security threat. disgruntled employees, who atomic number 18 the group most familiar with their employers tuition processing systems and applications, including knowing what actions strength cause the most damage bum create both mischief and demoralize on a computer System. The disgruntled real employees actu every last(predicate)(prenomi nal)y cause more(prenominal) than damage than former employees do.harmonize to Parmar, the common examples of computer-related employee sabotage are entering info in wanely, changing and deleting data, destroying data or plans with logical system bombs, crashing systems, holding data legionsage and destroying computer hardware or facilities. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks According to Tulloch (2003), DoS is a type of attack that tries to prevent allow users from rise to powering network services. In this type of threats, the attacker tries to prevent access to a system or network by several possible means.Some of these are Flooding the network with so much traffic that traffic from legalise clients is overwhelmed Flooding the network with so umteen requests for a network service that the multitude providing the service piece of assnot receive similar requests from legitimate clients and Disrupting communications between hosts and legitimate clients by various means, inc luding alteration of system abidance information or even tangible destruction of network servers and comp whizznts. (Tulloch 2003) Malicious run and Electronic Mail Attacks.According to Parmar, vindictive code refers to viruses , worms , Trojan horses , logic bombs, and bundle (uninvited). Electronic email attacks are emails that hackers head to compromise network systems and whenever companies accept this e-mail from the meshing that have exposed versions of the sendmail program are potential targets from this attack. NETWORK bail LAWS As such, no network security laws exist for network security. However, some of the acts that are applicable for network security threats are discussed in below paragraphs. Privacy do of 1974 The concept of information privateness has been one of the most critical mercantile establishments.It takes into serious consideration. cogitate a world without information privacy. The overleap of information privacy creates a carriage ground for technological sharing and distribution. In 1974, the Privacy put to work of 1974, passed by the Unites States Congress, states that No agency shall disclose any establish, which is contained in a system of records by any means of communication to any person, or to an opposite agency, except pursuant to a written request by, or with the former written con move of, the individual to whom the record pertains (Privacy Act of 1974 88 Stat. 1897). CFAA data processor Fraud and Abuse Act.According to Robinson (2003), the current fall in States law of information security is the electronic computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U. S. C). It was originally enacted solely as a computer crime statute, but in its present form, it imposes both civil and malefactor liability for a wide cast of acts that compromise the security of public and offstage sector computer systems. DMCA The Digital millenary right of first publication Act The Digital millenary Copyright Act (17 U. S. C), provides t hat no person shall circumvent a technological flier that effectively simplicitys access to a work protected under this title the Copyright fair play.(Robinson, 2003) There are other laws (acts), such as the Wiretap Act, the Stored Communications Act, and the Computer protective cover Act are in like manner applicable on network security threats. PROCESS AND PROCEDURES FOR NETWORK SECURITY The three important techniques used by companies to protect their network are firewalls, encryption and VPN, which are discussed below Firewalls Firewalls are used to control access between networks. It separate intranets and xtranets from the Internet so that only employees and authorized billet partners can access.Firewalls are utilize by Packet filtering to block illegal traffic, which is specify by the security insurance or by using a delegate server, which acts as an intermediary. Encryption To protect against sniffing, passs can be encrypted before being sent (over the Internet). I n general, two classes of encryption methods sneaking(a) trace encryption (DES) and humankind Key encryption (RSA, public and private describe are needed) are used today. commonplace Key encryption is in bodilyd into all major Web browsers and is the basis for safe socket layer (SSL).Virtual Private Networks (VPN) VPN maintains data security as it is transmitted by using tunneling and encryption. Tunneling creates a temporary tie-up between a remote computer and the local network. Tunneling blocks access to anyone trying to turn back messages sent over that link. Encryption scrambles the message before it is sent and decodes it at the receiving end. some other important area for companies are (implementing) security measure policy, Disaster convalescence and demarcation doggedness (plans), which are discussed in below paragraphsSecurity policy Security policy is defined as rules, directives and practices that govern how asset, including sensitive information are managed protected and distributed within an organization. all organization should define and document a security policy that defines the limits of acceptable expression and how the organization will respond to trespass of such behavior. Security policy defined should be concise, to the point, easy to understand and widely publicized in the organization.The security policy implemented should envision compliance with all laws. The security policy should be reviewed periodically to respond to changes in technology or circumstances. There should be restrictions on playing of computer games on corporate computers and see of non-productive web sites using corporate network. In addition, employees should be monitored for prohibition against taking copies of original corporate electronic document out of office, use of pirated software and use of corporate e-mail account for sending the individualised e-mail.Proper Documentation for Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity There are vario us types of vulnerabilities associated with computer-based information systems. Now these age organizations are being more babelike upon their computer systems, therefore the survival of melody depend very much on the security of these systems. Initially (few years back), bodily accidents such as floods a hurricane, and fires were the most probable security risks.Nowadays, computer operations are also liable to injury or damage from hackers, computer viruses, industrial spies and similar causes which until recently were in the realms of accomplishment fiction. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, showed that there is a big difference between disaster recovery and business continuity. In the past, disaster recovery meant getting computers and networks up and rails after a hurricane, flood, fire, or other disaster. However, September 11 taught a broader issue getting the business up-and-running.According to McNurlin & Sprague (2006), Business continuity broadens the di scussion to include Safeguarding bulk during a disaster Documenting business procedures so that not dependent upon a bingle employee Giving employees the likewisels and space to handle personalised issues first so that they can wherefore concentrate on work flip workspace for people and Backup IT sites not overly close but not too far away Up to employment evacuation plans that everyone knows and has practicedBacked up laptops and departmental servers and Helping people bed with a disaster by having well accessible phone lists, e-mail lists, instant-messenger lists so people can communicate with love ones and colleagues. CONCLUSIONS The goal of network security is to sustain and defend three critical properties of information, which are confidentiality, integrity and availability. The most common threats to network security comes from disgruntled employees, DoS attacks and beady-eyed code attacks.All these threats try to break dance the security of a network or system. V arious information security and privacy laws exist, which must be followed by companies period installing and managing their computer network. Various techniques such as firewalls, encryption and VPN are used for securing network. In addition, security polices and disaster recovery and business continuity plan are implemented for securing network. FUTURE ACTION downstairs are some methods for securing network from the top three security threats to a network. Disgruntled employees type of threats can be peculiar(a) by invalidating passwords and deleting system accounts in a timely manner by network (system) administrator.According to Tulloch (2003), defenses against DoS attacks can be done by alter unneeded network services to limit the attack surface of companies network enabling disk quotas for all accounts including those used by network services implementing filtering on routers and fleck operating systems to reduce exposure to SYN deluge base-lining normal network usage to care identify such attacks in order to quickly defeat them and regularly living up system configuration information and ensuring strong password policies.To prevent malicious code attacks from occurring, regular check with vendors to ensure systems are running a correct version of sendmail or some more secure mail product are necessary. Network Security through computer software and Hardware can be implemented by Modular and cheaper workgroup firewalls. By having host based and network based trespass detection systems Active security by providing auto mated responses to agents. Centralized focus Content filtering Acceptance of PKI By having token, smartcard or biometric based access solutions. Some raw material protecting tips for computer (in network) that should be provided to all the staffs in the organization are perpetually use Anti-virus Software Download security updates and patches regularly and update computer systems. Do not check or transfer emails an d attachments from unknown sources Back Up your data regularly. Use Firewall Do not circumstances access to your computer hard drives in network Attachments.REFERENCES Tulloch, M.2003, Microsoft Encyclopedia of Security, Microsoft Press, Washington, United States of America. Parmar, S. K. & CST, N. Cowichan Duncan RCMP Det (cmpl), An Introduction to Security Manual McNurlin, B. C & Sprague, R. H 2006, Information Systems Management in Practice, 7th ed. , Pearson Education, New island of Jersey United States Congress, Privacy Act of 1974. Public Law No. 93-579, 88 Stat.1897 (Dec. 31, 1974) CERT study and Education software Engineering play (2006). Information Security for Technical Staff, pupil handbook, Camegie Mellon University, USA Robinson, S, 2003, U. S. Information Security Law, accessed on October 20, 2007 from .